Umbrella Clause in Bilateral Investment Treaties

The Umbrella Clause has nearly become one of the most common rules of the mostinvestment treaties, which provides more protections for foreign investor.Providinga proper and true sense of this clause has become highly controversial issue ininternational investment law that has led many arbitral tribunals to adopt specificstance in this respect.Here

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On a graph model for reflectometry problems and some algorithms for their solution. Part 3. An approach to test data generation and some results of computational experiments

Background.The relevance of the subject area under consideration is primarily due to the need to minimize the cost of so-called reflectometers, with the existing restriction on the condition of total monitoring of fiber-optic cables.Similar tasks arise when designing and / or upgrading a communication network, and they are especially important in s

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